The classical Ottoman army was the most disciplined and feared military force of its time, mainly due to its high level of organization, logistical capabilities and its elite troops.
Following a century long reform efforts, this army was forced to disbandment by Sultan Mahmud II on 15 June 1826 by what is known as Auspicious Incident.
By the reign of Mahmud the Second, the elite Janissaries had become corrupt and an obstacle in the way of modernization efforts, meaning they were more of a liability than an asset.
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Duchy of Mantua Republic of Venice Order of Saint John End of Ottoman expansion Ottoman Empire Portuguese Empire (1541–43) Spanish Empire Kabyle soldiers Moldavia Eastern Hungarian Kingdom Wallachia Supported by: France Royal Hungary Kingdom of Croatia Spain Papal States Habsburg Spain Hafsid dynasty Kingdom of Portugal Papal States Knights of Malta Regency of Algiers Kingdom of France France Republic of Genoa Papal States Knights of Malta Gujarat Sultanate Adal Sultanate Ethiopian Empire Regency of Algiers France Spain Kingdom of England Saadi Sultanate Kingdom of France Swiss mercenaries Republic of Siena Papal States Kingdom of England Hungary Spain Bohemia Holy Roman Empire Medri Bahri Adal Sultanate Kingdom of Kuku Principality of Debdou Wattasid Sultanate (1554) Abd al-Malik Forces (1576) Kingdom of Beni Abbas Ajuran Sultanate Spanish Empire Papal States Duchy of Savoy Order of Saint John Supported by: Relief force:[131] Adal Sultanate supported by: supported by: Principality of Transylvania Wallachia Moldavia France Spain Zaporozhian Cossacks Serbian hajduks Papal States Kingdom of France Holy Roman Empire Piedmont-Savoy Kingdom of Hungary Kingdom of Croatia Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Vassal states: Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Tsardom of Russia Republic of Venice Spanish Empire Montenegro Albanian rebelsSerbian rebelsGreek rebelsBulgarian rebelsRomanian rebelsCroatian rebels Supported by: France[151] Supported by: Russia (1807–12) Austrian Empire Emirate of Abdelkader Kingdom of Ait Abbas Kel Ahaggar Egypt Egypt Bulgarian volunteers Serbia Montenegro Supported By: France Britain Egypt Ottoman Army Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria France British Empire Russian Empire United States Italy Japan China Serbia Montenegro Romania Belgium Greece Portugal Brazil German Empire (1917–1918) Ottoman Empire (1917–1918) Azerbaijan (1918) Finland (1918–1919) Georgia Austria-Hungary (1917–1918) Ukrainian State (1918) Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic Commune of Estonia Lithuanian SSR Latvian SSR Republic of Aras (1918–1919) Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (since April 1920) United Kingdom Centrocaspian Dictatorship Georgia (in 1921) Supported by: Russian SFSR[171] Azerbaijan SSR Georgian SSR Bukharan PSR Afghanistan All-India Muslim League Italy Treaty of Lausanne Thus since the Turks also withdrew, one can conclude that the battle was a draw.Surprisingly enough, it is not even possible to know with certainty from the extant contemporary material whether one or the other side was victorious on the field.
There is certainly little to indicate that it was a great Serbian defeat; and the earliest reports of the conflict suggest, on the contrary, that the Christian forces had won.