From the mid-16th to the late-18th century Poland and Lithuania merged to form the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, a state that was dissolved following their partition by Austria, Prussia and Russia.

[3] Gediminas daughter Aldona married Władysław Łokietek's son and future successor, Casimir III of Poland, in 1325, which led to improved relations.

[6] Despite federation proposals such as Międzymorze, after the First World War Lithuania chose to pursue independent statehood instead of recreating a previous union.

Differences on border issues, particularly over the cities of Vilnius (Wilno) and Sejny (Seinai) led to the Polish–Lithuanian War and worsened relations for most of the interwar period.

[10] After Piłsudski's death, between 1935 and 1939, the Lithuanian minority in Poland was an object of Polonisation, with the government encouraging settlement of Polish army veterans in disputed regions.

In recent years a number of common academic conferences have started to bridge the gap between Lithuanian and Polish interpretations, but significant differences still remain.

At the same time many Poles from Kresy were allowed to leave the Soviet Union, and mostly were transferred west to Recovered Territories, and the Polish minority in Lithuania (or Lithuanian SSR) was also significantly downsized.

[15] On 28 September 1992 the foreign ministers of both nations signed a declaration of friendship and neighborly relations and a consular convention, rejecting any territorial claims and promising to respect the rights of their corresponding minorities.

[21][22] In case C-391/09 – Runevič-Vardyn and Wardyn the European Court of Justice ruled that the Lithuanian policy on surnames conforms to the EU law.

That years commemoration ceremony was marked by the meeting of Lithuanian and Polish presidents Gitanas Nausėda and Andrzej Duda.

A joint declaration on the creation of the Lublin triangle stressed the importance of intensifying the cooperation between the EU, NATO, and the Eastern Partnership and paying special attention to the development of the Three Seas Initiative.

[28] On 17 September 2021, Polish and Lithuanian Prime Ministers Mateusz Morawiecki and Ingrida Šimonytė signed an agreement on bilateral cooperation after attending an intergovernmental meeting in Warsaw.

The Polish PM stated that "This is a further step towards closer economic, commercial, business and investment ties" between Poland and Lithuania which is very important considering the current geopolitical challenges faced by the two nations.

[29] On 26 November 2022, a Lublin Triangle format meeting between the Prime Ministers of Poland, Lithuania and Ukraine was held in Kyiv.

In a joint statement the leaders stressed the role of the Lublin Triangle in "consolidating international support for Ukraine in countering Russia's armed aggression", "confirmed their readiness to continue active cooperation in restoring the territorial integrity and sovereignty of Ukraine within its internationally recognized borders", "condemned systemic war crimes committed by Russia's forces in regions of Ukraine" and "confirmed the further importance of trilateral cooperation in such areas as: military and defense cooperation using NATO and the EU potential".