Acetaldehyde and free radicals generated by metabolizing alcohol induce DNA damage and oxidative stress.

[34] The level of oxidative stress and acetaldehyde-induced DNA adducts due to alcohol consumption does not appear sufficient to cause increased mutagenesis.

Alcohol-induced epigenetic alterations of gene expression appear to lead to liver injury and ultimately carcinoma.

[43] According to Tilg, et al., gut microbiome could very well have an effect, be involved in the pathophysiology, on the various types of liver disease which an individual may encounter.

[44] Insight into the exact causes and mechanisms mediating pathophysiology of the liver is quickly progressing due to the introduction new technological approaches like Single cell sequencing and kinome profiling [45] Particulate matter or carbon black are common pollutants.

[46] Because particulate matter and carbon black are very diverse and each has different toxicodynamics, detailed mechanisms of translocation are not clear.

Water-soluble fractions of particulate matter are the most important part of translocation to the liver, through extrapulmonary circulation.

In the United States, NAFLD is the most common chronic liver condition, affecting approximately 24% of the population, with the prevalence rising due to increasing rates of obesity and metabolic syndrome.

[47][48] Alcohol-related liver disease accounts for about 4.5% of liver-related deaths globally, underscoring the substantial burden of alcohol misuse.

[50] Additionally, recent studies have highlighted lean steatotic liver disease (SLD), a subset of NAFLD, affecting over 12% of U.S. adults even in the absence of obesity.

[51] These data emphasize the importance of early detection and targeted interventions to manage liver disease and its associated complications effectively.

[citation needed] Following are gross pathology images: Anti-viral medications are available to treat infections such as hepatitis B.