[3] One estimate from the United Kingdom stated that over 11 million people stand for long periods of time without rest.
Slouching is often described as improper posture, movement or rigidity of the spine, especially the cervical and thoracic regions, in relation to other parts of the body.
The valves of the veins work best in concert with accompanying muscle contractions that force the blood to continue moving up the leg.
Varicose veins have also been associated with chronic heart and circulatory disorders and hypertension as well as complications related to pregnancy.
In a study by Krause et al. (2000)[7] the authors examined the relationship between standing at work and the progression of carotid atherosclerosis in men.
The authors also found that men with carotid stenosis or ischemic heart disease were at greater risk for the progression of atherosclerosis .
The combined effect of pressure and tearing can cause extensive amounts of pain and make it difficult to move or walk.
[3] Muscles kept in a constant stress position quickly become exhausted and can result in pain and swelling in the lower back, legs, ankles and feet.
[10][11] The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has stated that muscle fatigue and musculoskeletal disorders account for "33% of all worker injury and illness".
[12] Considerable research has been conducted as to the extent of muscle injuries and all have concluded that these are expected but can be reduced with breaks and the availability of chairs.
[17] If prolonged sitting in the workplace is required or desired, individuals should gradually transition to significant periods of standing.
[18] When transitioning from sitting to standing, individuals might experience musculoskeletal discomfort or fatigue while the body adapts.
Other helpful aspects of workstations are footrests, elbow rests, and seats so workers can sit when they need to.
A study by the University of Loughborough conducted by George Havenith and Lucy E. Dorman has shown "(dis)comfort sensations did show statistically significant improvements related to mat use.