Long Biên (Vietnamese), also known as Longbian (龙编; 龍編; Lóngbiān; Lung-pien < Eastern Han Chinese: *lioŋ-pian/pen;[1] lit.
[2] It was also known as Longyuan (Long Uyên),[3] briefly known as Longzhou (龙州; 龍州; Lóngzhou; Lung-chou) in the 7th century, and known as "Dragon's Gulf".
With China falling into chaos during the Chu–Han Contention, Zhao Tuo split off Nanhai Commandery as the separate state of Nanyue, which he ruled from Panyu (modern Guangzhou).
The local nobility reacted violently, killing King Zhao Xing, the Queen Dowager Jiushi (樛氏), and several Chinese diplomats.
[6] The first army sent by Emperor Wu under Han Qianqiu was defeated in 112 BC,[7] but the next year a much larger force assembled under Lu Bode and Yang Pu, besieging Panyu, conquering the kingdom, and initiating the "First Northern Domination" of Vietnam.
[3] Long Biên is sometimes given as the provincial capital instead,[8] but this did not occur until the time of Shi Xie in the transition between the Han dynasty and Three Kingdoms period.
[9][10] Jiaozhi also held the counties of Léilóu (羸𨻻, Luy Lâu), Āndìng (安定, An Định), Gǒulòu (苟屚, Cẩu Lậu), Mílíng (麊泠, Mê Linh), Qūyáng (曲昜, Khúc Dương), Běidài (北帶, Bắc Đái), Jīxú (稽徐, Kê Từ), Xīyú (西于, Tây Vu) and Zhūgòu (朱覯, Chu Cấu).
The local products were bananas, areca nuts, sharkskin, python bile and kingfisher feathers,[2] although the district between it and Guangzhou was rich in silver, cinnabar and mercury.
He received the noble title Marquis of Longbian[21][22] and fostered Buddhism in his territories,[23] for which he is still worshipped under the name "King Si" (Vietnamese: Sĩ Vương).
The Sui general Liu Fang retook the area in 603, removing the Chinese administration to Songping (Tông Binh) on the south shore of the Red River.
[2] Long Biên and Tông Binh were elevated to county or prefecture status under the names "Longzhou" and "Songzhou" in 621 but these were abolished only a few years later.
[10] The road to Guangzhou was reopened in 622 through negotiations which left the local Ning tribesmen in control of the nominally Chinese counties in the area.