Cartier was born within modest means in Paris, France to Pierre (1787–1859) and Elisabeth (née Girardin).

[2] In 1847, Cartier took over his employers store on Rue Montorgueil in the 2nd arrondissement, and began to develop a new strategy for the business, which mainly included to make it more attractive for clients.

[3][4][5] In 1853, Cartier moved his store to Place du Palais-Royale, in the 1st arrondissement, which was more upscale and known for luxury goods.

Cartier further expands his business, next in 1859, under the regime of Napoleon III Second French Empire, as he opened a new boutique at Boulevard des Italiens.

He was noted by Princess Mathilde and Empress Eugénie, which gave him the recognition, through protection provided by the Imperial family, which marked the beginnings of his international success.