[7] Åberg was born on 31 October 1999 in Eslöv, Sweden,[2] to parents Mia and Johan, and has an elder sister named Linnea.

[15] Åberg was in the same year group at the school as future Solheim Cup players Maja Stark and Linn Grant.

[23] Later in the year, he moved to the United States to start college at Texas Tech University on an athletic scholarship, joining the Red Raiders golf team.

[26][27] As the 2020 collegiate season was cut short due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Åberg returned to Sweden and competed on the Swedish Golf Tour.

[36] In the spring of 2022, Åberg turned down a 2-year contract worth US$2,500,000 from the newly established LIV Golf League, and continued his collegiate career at Texas Tech University.

[46][47] In April, Åberg broke the scoring record at the Big 12 Men's Golf Championship, to become the first golfer to retain the individual title,[48] and in May he won the Ben Hogan Award for a second time.

[11] In July, at the John Deere Classic, he recorded his first top-10 on the tour; a final-round 63 put him in a tie for fourth place, three strokes behind winner Sepp Straka.

He birdied four of the closing five holes in his final round of 64 to finish two strokes ahead of his fellow countryman Alexander Björk.

[60] The week after the Ryder Cup, Åberg returned to the PGA Tour and finished as joint runner-up in the Sanderson Farms Championship, losing to Luke List in a five-man playoff.

[62] This victory moved Åberg into the top 50 of the Official World Golf Ranking and secured him an invitation to the 2024 Masters Tournament, which would be his first major championship appearance.

[67][68] Åberg made his major championship debut at the 2024 Masters Tournament in April, finishing solo second to world number one Scottie Scheffler.

[72][73] At the Genesis Scottish Open in July, Åberg held a two-stroke lead headed into the final round, before a three-over 73 on Sunday caused him to finish in a tie for fourth.

[75] In August, Åberg recorded his third runner-up finish of the year, placing tied-second at the BMW Championship, one shot behind Keegan Bradley.

[76] On 1 September, after finishing 16th at the Tour Championship, Åberg announced that he would undergo arthroscopic surgery to repair a torn meniscus in his left knee, an injury which he sustained in May and caused him discomfort through the season.

[79] In 2023, Åberg received Elit Sign number 152 by the Swedish Golf Federation based on world ranking achievements.