Lushuihu

While classified as a branch of the "Xiongnu" in more recent historiographies, early records treat the Lushuihu as a distinct group, and their exact origin is still debated by scholars today.

Chen Yinke believed that "Lushuihu" was simply a generic term for non-Han ethnic groups that were living around the Lu River.

[4] The Lushuihu first appeared in history in around 57 BC, when they were recorded attacking the Shaohe Qiang (烧何羌) people near modern-day Huangzhong, Qinghai.

In 397, after the Liang's disastrous campaign against the Western Qin dynasty, two of their members were falsely accused and executed.

While Duan Ye is recognized as the first ruler of the Northern Liang dynasty, the Juqu held considerable power over his reign.

They were ultimately conquered by Wei in 439, but remnants of the Juqu continued to resist before fleeing and occupying the oasis city of Gaochang in 442, where they remained until their destruction to the Rouran Khaganate in 460.

Shortly after Gai Wu's defeat in 446, a Lushuihu from Anding, Liu Chao (劉超) also rebelled but was quickly suppressed.

However, during the reign of Emperor Xianwen of Northern Wei (465–471), a rebellion broke out in Xingcheng led by Gai Pingding (蓋平定) that was eventually put down.