In the Late Middle Ages, the ruling houses of both states rose to great power in Europe.

[1] The Polish Jagiellonian dynasty soon rose to similar prominence and also managed to place its members on the throne of the Kingdom of Bohemia (in addition to Hungary).

[7] Immigration of Poles to Luxembourg increased, mainly those forced to leave Westphalia and Rhineland, while some came from Belgium, France and Poland.

[9] The Germans brought Poles from Poland to forced labour in occupied-Luxembourg,[9] whereas Luxembourgers, alike Poles, were imprisoned in concentration camps and forced labour camps in various locations, including Żabikowo, Lubiąż, Słońsk, Jelenia Góra, Krzaczyna and Wojanów, and many died or were murdered there.

[10][11][12][13] During the Holocaust, the first deportation of Luxembourgish Jews to the Łódź Ghetto in occupied Poland was conducted by the Germans in 1941.

[19] In 2015, Grand Duke Henri and Prime Minister Xavier Bettel visited the former Nazi German forced labour camp in Słońsk, and in 2016, Guillaume, Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg and his wife Stéphanie visited Lubiąż.