The district is further divided into Alt-Mühlburg, Weingärtensiedlung, Rheinhafen and Mühlburger Feld.

The name could be translated as "mill castle" and refers to a water mill and a water castle located at the site where a Roman road once crossed the small river Alb.

In 1274 Mühlburg was, like many neighbouring settlements, occupied by Rudolph of Habsburg.

In 1670 Mühlburg received town privileges and, just a few years before Karlsruhe, it was issued a "letter of freedom", which relaxed the requirements for craftsmen and new citizens to settle in the town.

Any such plans came to a halt in 1689, when Mühlburg and its castle were destroyed by French troops during the Nine Years' War following the orders of Louis XIV of France to destroy the margravate of Baden ("Ruinez les pays de Bade").