[7] It controlled southern Xinjiang's oasis and the area was nicknamed "Tunganistan" by Peter Fleming.

Ma Hushan and the new 36th Division declared their loyalty to the Kuomintang government in Nanjing and sent emissaries there requesting aid to fight against Sheng Shicai's provincial forces and the Soviet Union.

[10] Ma's regime forced the switch from the old style to the manufacture of Chinese-style carpets by the government-owned factory.

[12] Ma Hushan formulated a plan for an anti-Soviet "jihad" to conquer the Kremlin, Russian Turkestan and Siberia.

[20][21] Sven Hedin reported that a telegram from the diplomatic office in India stated Ma Hushan would "certainly obey the summons" to join the Chinese side in the war against Japan.