Madhepura district is part of the Kosi—Seemanchal subregion of Mithila region[5] of Bihar[6][7] and the people here speak the Maithili language.

Madhepura was a part of Maurya Empire, this fact is asserted by the Mauryan pillar at Uda-kishunganj.

Madhepura district occupies an area of 1,788 square kilometres (690 sq mi),[13] comparatively equivalent to Russia's Bolshoy Shantar Island.

The district has 2 sub-divisions - Madhepura and Uda Kishunganj, 13 blocks, 13 police stations, 170 panchayats and 434 revenue villages.

In 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Madhepura one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640).

[15] An electric locomotive factory has been set up at Madhepura by the Indian Railways in a joint venture with Alstom SA of France.

Governmental institutions in Madhepura include: Healthcare is provided by a combination of public and private-sector hospitals.