It is located 10.5 miles (17 km) west of Woodland,[3] at an elevation of 151 feet (46 m).

The Cache Creek post office opened in 1852, moved, and changed its name to Madison in 1877.

[3] The name was bestowed by Daniel Bradley Hulbert after his hometown, Madison, Wisconsin.

The Cache Creek Post Office had been located in the settlement of Cottonwood, approximately one mile south of Madison.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town covers an area of 1.547 square miles (4.007 km2), all of it land.