The Madrid–Barcelona railway is the conventional railway line linking the Spanish capital Madrid with the country's second largest city of Barcelona, Catalonia.

It now primarily serves local commuter rail services and regional traffic since the opening of the Madrid–Barcelona high-speed rail line in 2008, prior to which only 1.98 million annual passengers travelled between the two cities.

[1] The line serves important Spanish cities including Guadalajara, Zaragoza, Lleida, Reus and Tarragona.

At Casetas the line forms a junction with the Casetas–Bilbao railway.

The Regional Express service runs the full distance between Madrid and Barcelona, taking 9 hours and 24 minutes;[3] since the opening of the AVE high-speed rail line travel has been reduced to 2 hours and 30 minutes non-stop, freeing up the older slower line for other traffic.