Hote (Ho’tei), also known as Malê, is an Oceanic language in Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea.
Some compound words have secondary stress on the fourth syllable.
In the plural forms of both the inclusive and exclusive pronouns, 'aniŋ' is used over 'iniŋ' often by Hote villagers and by coastal dwellers.
These words are found in descriptive noun phrases which indicate size, quality, color, etc.
[9] Class 1 Example:[8] daim "tall, long" moma "dry" ma "sharp" lopali "wet" thapuk "white" doho "some" sapeŋ "all" tom "one" Class 2 Example:[9] ketheŋ "quickly" daŋ "completely" katu "well" loŋbu "again" tibum "straight" Class 3 Example:[9] kambom "bad, very.
"[9] Class 4 Example:[9] amuŋ "very" na "very" Location Words: Hote location words are often depicted by vertical and horizontal planes with the exception of kapo "inside" and yaiŋ "outside.
"[10] The orientations are as follows: Vertical:[10] vuliŋ on.top/overhead vibiŋ "underneath" vumak "underneath" (farther down) Horizontal:[10] saka "over there" (nearest) toka "over there" (near) toku "over there" (far) tuvulu "over there" (farthest) Height:[10] daka up.there (near) saku up.there (far) daku up.there (farthest) tamu down/down to (any distance) Example:[10] hamu vibiŋ "It is underneath."
[12] Example:[12] aniŋ "inside" haviŋ "with" imbiŋ "with" lok "with, including" ek "for, to, at" hamu haviŋ talebu lo lambu 3s.stay with mother and father "He stayed with his mother and father."
Example:[13] vemam "later" vem "a little while, a little time" wakbok "yesterday" sebok "before" yamuŋ "tomorrow" denaŋ "not yet" Example:[14] atu "this" entek "this" (close to) intu "that" (close to) namalu yauna atu "This very small boy."
[15] Class 1 verbs indicate tense signaled by a change in the first consonant of the stem.
Class 1 verbs changed to voiced stops before the person marker prefix are prenasalized.
[16] Class 2 verb stems are identified by a beginning consonant of either the voiced stop d or b.
[17] The initial stop is prenasalized before the person marker to create the potential tense.
[17] Class 3 verb stems begin with the voiced prenasalized stop ŋg.
3s.pot.work Class 3 Verb Examples:[18] yaha-ŋgabom num "I am cooking food."
3s.find Actual Tense: verbs in action, completed, or habitual.
[15] exclusive a- na/a- Potential Tense: verbs that have not yet taken place but will.
[15] exclusive na- na-/a- Example:[20] e-bi bok "They speared the pig."
[22] Example:[22] baheŋ vi "five" hands half Example:[22] baheŋ vi lahavu te "six" hands half including one baheŋ vi (ba) lahavu ayova "nine" hands half and including four
Example:[22] laumiŋ ba lahavu te "eleven" ten and including one laumiŋ ba la baheŋ vi ba lahavu te "sixteen" ten and including hands half and including one
Example:[22] buŋ te "twenty" whole one buŋ te ba lahavu lu "twenty-three" whole one and including three buŋ te ba la laumiŋ "thirty" whole one and including ten buŋ te ba la laumiŋ ba lahavu te "thirty-one" whole one and including ten and including one Voiced b [b] d [d] g [g] [g ~ dž] [g ~ gy ~ dž] Voiced d [0] [d] Prenasalization: In the Hote language, all voiced prenasalized stops occur in medial position across syllable boundaries in nouns and verbs, except for [ŋg] which occurs word initial.
bo^ʔ ] [ gap ] ~ [ džap ] ~ [ gyap ] /gab/ "plant with edible leaves" [ ' gi .
'sɛk] /ka'sek/ 'small' ['e^n.de^ŋ] /eindeiŋ/ 'to' ['ɛn.dɛŋ] /endeŋ/ 'until' [ʋŋ] /uŋ/ 'saucepan' ['tu.ku] /tuku/ 'direction/ ['tʋk.tʋk] /tuktuk/ 'sticky' ['xa.lɔk] /xalok/ 'he drowned' ['xa.bo.bo] /xabobo/ 'close to' [bɔk] /bok/ 'pig' ['do.go] /doxo/ 'some' ['dɔŋ.tɔm] /doŋtom/ 'one' ['ŋa.ma] /ŋama/ 'death' ['ko.la] /kola/ 'fence' It is higher than /e/ but lower than /i/ and contrasts with /e/.