Sir Marc Armand Ruffer CMG (29 August 1859[1] – 15 April 1917) was a France-born British experimental pathologist and bacteriologist.

Ruffer married Alice Mary Greenfield in 1890 and had three children, including Nina Ruffer, who studied anthropology at Somerville College, Oxford and was mentioned by Vera Brittain in the Testament of Youth.

Moving to Egypt for health reasons, Ruffer was appointed a professor of bacteriology at The Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University in 1896, later taking roles on committees dealing with health, disease, and sanitation.

In Egypt he worked on the histology of mummies publishing his findings and helping to establish the field of paleopathology.

[4] He went to Greece during the First World War in capacity as Commissioner of the British Red Cross Society to improve sanitation.