Thuram made his senior international debut for France in 2020 and was part of their squads at the UEFA European Championship in 2020 and 2024, and the 2022 FIFA World Cup, finishing as runner-up at the latter.

[7] In August 2018, he gained attention for playing against Paris Saint-Germain goalkeeper Gianluigi Buffon, a long-term teammate of his father at Parma and Juventus.

[8] Thuram scored an added-time penalty on 9 January 2019 to eliminate holders PSG from the quarter-finals of the Coupe de la Ligue, having earlier missed from the spot in the 2–1 win at the Parc des Princes.

[9] Twenty days later he scored the equaliser in a 2–2 home draw with Monaco in the semi-final, and his attempt in the subsequent penalty shootout was saved by Danijel Subašić though Guingamp nonetheless advanced.

He took a knee after his first goal of the match and dedicated the strike in honour of ongoing protests in the United States following the murder of George Floyd.

[15] On 19 December, Thuram was sent off for spitting in the face of opponent Stefan Posch as Gladbach fell to a 2–1 defeat to Hoffenheim,[16] and was given a six-match ban and a €40,000 fine.

[19] In April 2023, Gladbach's sporting director Roland Virkus confirmed that Thuram would depart the club at the end of the 2022–23 campaign, having chosen not to renew his contract.

[31] In the final against Argentina, he and Randal Kolo Muani were brought on in place of Ousmane Dembélé and Olivier Giroud with France losing 2–0 in the 41st minute.