Maria Natanovna Smith-Falkner (Russian: Мария Натановна Смит-Фалькнер; February 16 [February 4, Old Style], 1878 in Taganrog – March 7, 1968 in Moscow) was a Soviet economist, statistician and a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR from 1939 onwards.
She joined the Menshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party and was arrested four times.
This included an occasion in December 1905, when she organised an illegal conference in Moscow of the trade union of textile workers.
Her scientific interests were: economics of capitalism and socialism, statistics theory, the status of the working class in the Western countries, etc.
Maria Smith-Falkner edited the works by David Ricardo and Sir William Petty to be published in the Soviet Union.