Mariya Semyonovna Polivanova (Russian: Мария Семёновна Поливанова; 24 October 1922 – 14 August 1942) was a Soviet sniper during World War II.

She was killed in action together with Natalya Kovshova on 14 August 1942, and was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union on 14 February 1943.

After moving to the village of Novye Gorki (located in present-day Korolev, Moscow oblast) she worked at an order desk in a factory.

Initially tasked with night watch on a roof as an observer, she later underwent sniper training, which she graduated from in August.

They were posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union on 14 February 1943 for exemplary service, courage and heroism.