Martin David Foster (September 3, 1861 – October 20, 1919) was a U.S. Representative from Illinois.

He commenced the practice of medicine in Olney, Illinois, in 1884.

He served as a member of a board of United States examining surgeons in 1885–1889, and again from 1893 to 1897.

He engaged in the practice of medicine until his death in Olney, Illinois, October 20, 1919.

This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress