Marxist and neo-Marxist international relations theories are paradigms which reject the realist/liberal view of state conflict or cooperation, instead focusing on the economic and material aspects.
[citation needed] In the 19th century, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote that the main source of instability in the international system would be capitalist globalization, more specifically the conflict between two classes: the national bourgeoisie and the cosmopolitan proletariat.
The source of structural effects is not anarchy, but the capitalist mode of production which defines unjust political institutions and state relations.
According to this theory, hegemony is maintained through close cooperation between powerful elites inside and outside the core regions of the world system.
This is why Marx wrote about capitalism with an interest in the social forces that would bring about its downfall hoping that humanity would be free from domination and exploitation.