Materialization (paranormal)

Browning's son Robert, in a letter to The Times on 5 December 1902, referred to the incident and said that "Home was detected in a vulgar fraud.

[6] In 1874, during a séance with Edward William Cox, a sitter looked into the cabinet and seized the spirit, the head dress fell off and was revealed to be Showers.

[9]: 113  In 1875, he was caught pretending to be a spirit during a séance in Liverpool and was found "clothed in about two yards of stiffened muslin, wound round his head and hanging down as far as his thigh".

[11][12] The psychical researchers W. W. Baggally and Everard Feilding exposed the British materialization medium Christopher Chambers as a fraud in 1905.

[15] Donald West wrote that the ectoplasm of Carrière was fake and was made of cut-out paper faces from newspapers and magazines on which fold marks could sometimes be seen from the photographs.

[9]: 187  Cut out faces that she used included Woodrow Wilson, King Ferdinand of Bulgaria, French president Raymond Poincaré and the actress Mona Delza.

"[18] In 1907, Hereward Carrington exposed the tricks of fraudulent mediums such as those used in slate-writing, table-turning, trumpet mediumship, materializations, sealed-letter reading and spirit photography.

[19] Between 8 November and 31 December 1920 Gustav Geley of the Institute Metapsychique International attended fourteen séances with the medium Franek Kluski in Paris.

[25][unreliable source][26][27] Skeptics have suspected the materializations of Sathya Sai Baba were fraudulent and the result of sleight of hand tricks.

[28] The magician P. C. Sorcar wrote Sai Baba's vibhuti feat was a "common trick" conjured with an ash capsule.