For the most part they were used to varying degrees in the Middle Ages and surrounding time periods.
Before Roman units were reintroduced in 1066 by William the Conqueror, there was an Anglo-Saxon (Germanic) system of measure, of which few details survive.
From May 1, 1683, King Christian V of Denmark introduced an office to oversee weights and measures, a justervæsen, to be led by Ole Rømer.
There were many local variations; the metric conversions below apply to the Quebec and Paris definitions.
Before 1541, there were no common definition for length measures in Norway, and local variants flourished.
From 1824, the basic unit was defined as a fot being derived from astronomy as the length of a one-second pendulum times 12⁄38 at a latitude of 45°.
Fundamental units like the alqueire and the almude were imported by the northwest of Portugal in the 11th century, before the country became independent of León.
The gradual long-term process of standardization of weights and measures in Portugal is documented mainly since the mid-14th century.
In response, Afonso IV decided to set the alna (aune) of Lisbon as standard for the linear measures used for color fabrics across the country.
A few years later, Pedro I carried a more comprehensive reform, as documented in the parliament meeting of 1361: the arrátel folforinho of Santarém should be used for weighing meat; the arroba of Lisbon would be the standard for the remaining weights; cereals should be measured by the alqueire of Santarém; the almude of Lisbon should be used for wine.
The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923), the predecessor of modern Turkey was one of the 17 signatories of the Metre Convention in 1875.
The new calendar, which was called the Rumi also began by 622, but with an annual duration equal to a solar year after 1840.