MSC also monitors and conducts research on the climate, atmospheric science, air quality, water quantities, ice and other environmental issues.

Prior to 1840, meteorological observations in Canada were made by private individuals, other entities (like HBC), and explorers, but this information was not provided to the general public.

The Toronto observatory ended in 1853, but the colonial government of the province of Canada took over the service and continued collecting climate data.

[2] In 1939, the Meteorological Division, Air Services Branch was expanding rapidly to serve commercial aviation.

In support of Canada's military, some MSC meteorologists are seconded to the Department of National Defence.