Misogyny and mass media
The merging of misogyny and mass media has made numerous examples where studies have concluded correlations between misogynous messages, both obvious and subliminal.
[6] Fischer and Greitemeyer found that men who listened to sexually aggressive music reported that their relationship with women was more troublesome.
In a study conducted by Armstrong in 2001, he found after examining 490 GR songs, that 22 percent contained violent and misogynist lyrics.
It is difficult to tell whether GR directly causes misogynous attitudes or if it serves to increase preexisting anti-female cultural values.
[11] In a study conducted by Barongan and Hall (1995), they had male college students listen to rap music with misogynous or neutral song lyrics.
For example, in N.W.A's "She Swallowed It" (1991) gives a clear description;[11][22] Punch the bitch in the eye/ then the ho will fall to the ground/ Then you open up her mouth/ put your dick, move the shit around.
[7] In a study conducted by Lawrence and Joyner with research participants who were white males between the ages of 18 and 24 and reported belonging to Protestant religious denominations (p. 52), it was found that the research participants exposed to sexually violent heavy metal music were found to have a higher tendency on sex-role stereotyping in comparison to those who listened to classical music.
Researchers suggest that; distrust, assault, and negative regard for women are common attitudes experienced by fans of different types of rock music.
There is misogyny within heavy metal rock music through sexually violent content that must be addressed by the smaller interactions between people.
[26][27] It is a "cultural response to historic oppression and racism, [and] a system for communication among black communities throughout the United States."
With both gleeful and aggressive views on the situation of black Americans, Hip Hop artists were spread reality and lessons learned in a way that is understandable by a younger generation.
[29] Found frequently in MTV music videos are images of crime, sex, dance, visual abstraction and violence.
[36][37] Lawrence and Joyner found in their research of rock music videos that even after a brief exposure of seventeen minutes there was appearance of negative effects on men's attitudes toward women.
[6] It is stated later in the article that since there are no radio stations that feature heavy-metal music in the geographic area where this study was conducted, participants' limited prior exposure may explain why they were not differentially affected by the lyrical message.
[6] Johnson et al. found that women portrayed in sexually inferior roles in rap music videos have increased girls' acceptance of teen dating violence.
[27][34] Conrad et al. found that recent (2009) rap music videos emphasize themes of misogyny, materialism and women tend to be placed in a position of objectification.
[49] A summary of the effects of pornography research by Linz and Donnerstein (1989) concluded that depictions of sexual violence in the media, under some conditions, promote antisocial attitudes and behavior.
Linz and Donnerstein focused on the detrimental effects of exposure to violent images in pornography portraying the myth that women enjoy or in some way benefit from rape, torture, or other forms of sexual violence.
Considering the commodification and objectification argument, concern exists that repeated exposure to coercive pornographic stimuli relates to increasingly negative attitudes toward women.
Making their materials, pornographers exploit existing inequality between the sexes to coerce women and children to perform unwanted or dangerous sexual acts as a form of prostitution.
In rare but important instances, pornography has legally been seen as a harmful practice violating women's human or democratic rights to equality.
[51] Most studies consistently show that after exposure to pornography and other forms of misogynistic media depicting degradation of women and rape, including hip hop and rap, viewers show attitudes that are less sympathetic to rape victims and more tolerant and accepting of violence toward women – in effect, such behavior becomes more "normalized" and "mainstreamed.
