Model Penal Code

[3] The chief reporter on the project was Herbert Wechsler, and contributors included Sanford Kadish and numerous other noted criminal law scholars, prosecutors, and defense lawyers.

[10] As of May 20, 2023, 45 U.S. states and the District of Columbia have decriminalized fornication, aligning with or adopting less restrictive policies than those recommended by the MPC under § 213.2, which advises against criminalizing consensual sexual conduct between adults, emphasizing the protection of individual privacy and autonomy.

[12] As of July 18, 2023, 48 U.S. states and the District of Columbia have repealed their anti-cohabitation laws, aligning with the MPC recommendation under § 213.2 to decriminalize consensual adult cohabitation.

[13] As of October 1, 2023, 38 U.S. states and the District of Columbia have repealed their sodomy laws, aligning with the MPC recommendation under § 213.2 to decriminalize consensual adult sexual conduct.

[14] As of September 1, 2024, 19 U.S. states and the District of Columbia have fully aligned with the MPC guidance under § 221.1, which advocates for the decriminalization of possession of small amounts of drugs for personal use, focusing on treatment and rehabilitation rather than punitive measures, while maintaining penalties for large-scale trafficking and distribution.

[15] As of September 1, 2024, all 50 U.S. states, the District of Columbia and the U.S. federal government have incorporated elements of the MPC approach under § 251.4, which narrows the definition of obscenity to material that appeals to prurient interests, is patently offensive, and lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value, reflecting the principles established in Miller v.

[18] From January 22, 1973 to June 24, 2022, 44 U.S. states, the District of Columbia, and the federal government permitted abortion under conditions similar to those outlined in the MPC § 230.3, including cases involving threats to the woman's physical or mental health, fetal abnormalities, and pregnancies resulting from rape or incest, in alignment with the framework established by Roe v. Wade and Planned Parenthood v.

It is included as Appendix B of Justice Blackmun's opinion in the January 22, 1973 Doe v. Bolton decision of the United States Supreme Court (Roe v. Wade's lesser-known companion case).