Mogendorf is located in a valley in the southwestern part of the Westerwald mountains and within the boundaries of the Kannenbäckerland, which is well-known for clay mining and its porcelain industry.

With the entire region being prone to westerly winds, the ridge spares the settlement from heavy convective storms during summertime, which usually divert to the north and south.

Mogendorf experiences an oceanic climate (Köppen classification Cfb), which is warmer than in the rest of the region due to its relatively low altitude and proximity to the Middle Rhine.

Its unique location allows warmer air from the deep valley to croach up the westernmost slopes of the Lower Westerwald and reach the lowlands of the Kannenbäckerland.

Due to the Year Without a Summer and its subsequent, long-lasting effects, which included crop failure, Mogendorf became the scene of heavy emigration to the United States, which lasted until the early 20th century.