[11] After the independence of India, Mohammedan became the first Indian club to win a football tournament on foreign soil by lifting the Aga Khan Gold Cup in 1960.

"[27] Khan Sahib Syed Ahmed Rashid took a very keen interest in the social and sporting life in Bengal and was the elected Joint Secretary of Mohammedan, from 1925 to 1932.

One of the club officials, CA Aziz concentrated on creating a strong team through modern strategies and was one of the only Indians to first realise the importance of playing in boots.

[23][18] Aziz recruited Mohun Bagan rejects like Kaleh Khan and Hafiz Rahid in 1931, and also players from different parts of India were gradually brought in, often in the name of religion.

[33] In March 1935, he was unanimously elected as the General Secretary of the club for the second time and in October that year he organised a successful tour to Rangoon, Mandalay, Maymyo, Colombo, Galle, Kandy, Madras, Bangalore and Mysore for the football team.

[30] That year, the captain's armband was handed over to the young and charismatic Abbas Mirza and later in the summer, Mohammedan recruited goalkeeper Osman Jan from Crescent Club in Delhi.

[32] Along with new and young recruits every year, two defining names remained constant in the team – Syed Abdus Samad, who joined in 1933, and Mohammed Salim, who returned for a second spell in 1934.

[42][43][44] By this time Mohammedan became the undisputed Invincibles of CFL and football in India was no more only about the British against the Indians but also the Hindus (via Mohun Bagan and East Bengal Club) versus the Muslims.

The final was scheduled on 12 December 1940 at Irwin Amphitheatre in New Delhi and numerous eminent Muslim politicians flew in from far-off cities like Calcutta, Dhaka, Hyderabad and Bhopal, while common supporters arrived in trains and tongas to watch the match.

[45] Along with around 1,00,000 spectators, as per traditions, Lord Linlithgow, the Viceroy of India, stood witness as Mohammedan defeated Royal Warwickshire Regiment 2–1, under the captaincy of Masum and goals coming from Rashid and Saboo.

The Rover's Cup win paved the way to regain Mohammedan's lost dominance over football in India and bagged the League-Shield double of CFL and IFA Shield next year.

In 1960, as a top club of India, Mohammedan was invited to the Aga Khan Gold Cup, which was at that time considered a continental tournament to determine the unofficial Asian champions.

Held in Dhaka, Mohammedan became the first Indian side to win a trophy on foreign soil, beating the Perserikatan champions Persatuan Sepakbola Makassar 4–1 in the final.

The following year, Mohammedan appointed one of the iconic Indian footballers, Syed Nayeemuddin to coach the team and also roped in the biggest foreign names, Iranian duo Majid Bishkar and Jamshid Nassiri, from their local rivals East Bengal.

[62][63] Near the end of the century, all the 'Big Three' clubs of Maidan faced serious financial jeopardy due to increased expenses to compete at the top level and limited source of income, only relying upon supporters' fund and contributions from individuals often belonging to political field.

Under the coaching of newly appointed Mridul Banerjee, Mohammedan finished in the bottom two of group table and was relegated to NFL 2nd Division in their debut season.

In November 2010, Mohammedan organised Platinum Jubilee Celebration Cup tournament to commemorate the 75th anniversary of their 1934 CFL win, with Mohun Bagan, East Bengal and the world's oldest existing football club Sheffield FC being invited to play.

As brand ambassador of Mohammedan, former Indian cricket captain Sourav Ganguly played for the club, wearing number 99 jersey, against East Bengal in a 1–0 defeat.

[72] In 2013, under Sanjoy Sen, Mohammedan would achieve promotion to I-League and also put an end to a long wait for major success by winning Durand Cup and then the 2014 IFA Shield by beating Bangladesh Premier League runners-up Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi Club in the penalty shootout.

[85][86] The club signed previous I-League season's top scorer, Pedro Manzi along with Bangladeshi football team captain Jamal Bhuyan for their AFC quota.

[89] In May 2021, the club appointed Russia's former assistant coach Andrey Chernyshov, and with him at the helm, Mohammedan reached the Durand Cup final for the first time since 2013 but fell short against FC Goa by just a solitary goal.

[90][91][92][93] The following month, Mohammedan clinched their twelfth CFL title after forty long years of wait by defeating Railway FC 1–0 in the final of a newer and shorter knock-out format.

[98] On 6 April 2024, Mohammedan scripted history winning their maiden I-League title in 2023–24 season, which helped the club securing promotion to the Indian Super League.

[99][100] Prior to the 2024–25 Indian Super League season, Shrachi Sports Ventures acquired a 50% stake from existing investor Bunkerhill in a deal that reshaped the club's ownership structure.

It has the star and crescent in middle, which is partially surrounded by floral patterns and, the name of the club, its year of foundation and the country based inscribed below within the shapes of waving banners.

The rise of digital platforms has also allowed Mohammedan SC supporters to connect online, forming fan clubs and social media groups to discuss the team’s progress and share their passion with a wider audience.

Historically, to host their home games, the club has used several grounds in Kolkata, Howrah, Barasat and Kalyani, including Eden Gardens, which has been reserved for cricket since Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan opened in 1984.

[122] Mohammedan plays its major fixtures at Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan, commonly called Salt Lake Stadium, located in the suburb of Bidhannagar in Kolkata.

[123] A multi-purpose stadium owned by the Government of West Bengal under Youth Affairs and Sports Department, the VYKB primarily hosts football matches, apart from occasional track and field events.

[124][125] After the renovations in 2017, the ground was installed with floodlights, an air-conditioned press room and a gymnasium named after The Greatest Muhammad Ali to honour his visit to the club in December 1990.