[3] After pursuing Jalal ad-Din into India from Samarkand and defeating him at the battle of Indus in 1221, Genghis Khan sent two tumens (20,000 soldiers) under commanders Dorbei the Fierce and Bala to continue the chase.

The victorious allies quarreled over the division of the captured booty; subsequently the Khalji, Turkoman, and Ghori tribesmen deserted Jalal ad-Din and returned to Peshawar.

A Mongol general named Chormaqan sent by the Khan attacked and defeated Jalal ad-Din, thus ending the Khwārazm-Shāh dynasty.

Sali invaded Kashmir, killing the king, and put down the rebellion, after which the country remained subject to the Mongol Empire for many years.

[7] The Delhi prince Jalal al-Din Masud, traveled to the Mongol capital at Karakorum to seek the assistance of Möngke Khan in seizing the throne from his elder brother in 1248.

In 1257 the governor of Sindh offered his entire province to Hulagu Khan, Möngke's brother, and sought Mongol protection from his overlord in Delhi.

In the winter of 1257 - beginning of 1258, Sali Noyan entered Sind in strength and dismantled the fortifications of Multan; his forces may also have infested the island fortress of Bukkur on the Indus.

But Hulagu refused to sanction a grand invasion of the Delhi Sultanate and a few years later diplomatic correspondence between the two rulers confirmed the growing desire for peace.

For this cause he organized and disciplined his army to the highest point of efficiency; for this he made away with disaffected or jealous chiefs, and steadily refused to entrust authority to Hindus; for this he stayed near his capital and would not be tempted into distant campaigns.

The Muslim Negudari governor Abdullah, who was a son of Chagatai Khan's great-grandson,[9] invaded Punjab with his force in 1292, but his advance guard under Ulghu was defeated and taken prisoner by the Khalji sultan Jalaluddin.

[10] The number of 150,000 Mongol invaders during 1292 opposed by Jalaluddin were also recorded in Wolseley Haig's work of The Cambridge History of India.

When this army was returning from Gujarat to Delhi, some of its Mongol soldiers (former captives) staged a mutiny over payment of khums (one-fifth of the share of loot).

[22] Alauddin Khalji led his army to Kili near Delhi, and tried to delay the battle, hoping that the Mongols would retreat amid a scarcity of provisions and that he would receive reinforcements from his provinces.

[25] In the winter of 1302–1303, Alauddin dispatched an army to ransack the Kakatiya (a Telugu dynasty) capital Warangal, and himself marched to Chittor.

[29] Shortly afterward, Duwa Khan sought to end the ongoing conflict with the Yuan Khan Temür Öljeyitü, and around 1304 a general peace among the Mongol khanates was declared, bringing an end to the conflict between the Yuan dynasty and western khanates that had lasted for the better part of a half century.

In December 1305, Duwa sent another 30,000 to 50,000 strong army that bypassed the heavily guarded city of Delhi, and proceeded southeast to the Gangetic plains along the Himalayan foothills.

Taking advantage of this situation, Alauddin's general Malik Tughluq regularly raided the Mongol territories located in present-day Afghanistan.

Muhammad bin Tughluq asked the Ilkhan Abu Sa'id to form an alliance against Tarmashirin, who had invaded Khorasan, but an attack didn't materialize.

He also sent several thousand troops to aid the Delhi sultan Muhammad bin Tughluq in suppressing the rebellion in his country in 1350.

[citation needed] The Delhi sultans had developed cordial relations with the Yuan dynasty in Mongolia and China and the Ilkhanate in Persia and the Middle East.