Further definition was in the Declaration of Cancun [2] This is complemented by the work of a variety of regional organizations that cover high seas fishing areas.
A key concept in international fishing laws is that of the Exclusive Economic Zone, which extends 200 miles (370 km) from the coast of nations bordering on the oceans.
A 1981 Conference of Experts [3] defined monitoring as " the continuous requirement for the measurement of fishing effort characteristics and resource yields."
This was expanded, in a 1993 workshop,[4] to include the measurement of: According to the 1981 Conference of Experts, control is the "regulatory conditions under which the exploitation of the resource may be conducted."
Management criteria include: Vessel inspections Surveillance, according to the 1981 Conference of Experts, are "the degree and types of observations required to maintain compliance with the regulatory controls imposed on fishing activities."
Radar, including coastal, airborne, and spaceborne systems, may be intended for national security or law enforcement, but can simultaneously provide information to fisheries management and environmental protection authorities.
These can be independent systems involving navigational and time input, embedded and dedicated computer, and radio transmission of reports.
[5] Low-flying aircraft can visually identify fishing vessels, and, with reasonable navigational skills, determine whether a given craft is in an authorized area.
Higher-flying aircraft using radar and other sensors can determine which vessels are in a designated open or closed fishing area, and the ashore FMC can correlate these observations with VMS data.