It is the seat of the Bishopric of Montauban, created in 1317, abolished by the Concordat of 1801 and transferred to the Archdiocese of Toulouse, and restored in 1822.

The construction of a new church, the present building, was agreed after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685.

The towers frame the west façade, a pure product that applies all the conventions of classical art, i.e. an Ionic facade with a peristyle mounted by statues of the Four Evangelists which replaced the original statues.

The interior is decorated with pilasters, metopes and triglyphs, and the cathedral's strict and elegant vertical lines make it a typical example of classical architecture.

A famous painting by Ingres, "The Vow of Louis XIII", hangs in the north arm of the transept.