Montenegro participated at the Olympic Games for the first time as an independent nation in 2008, at the Beijing Games.

Previously, Montenegrin athletes have competed as part of Serbia and Montenegro in 2004 and as part of Yugoslavia before that.

It was created in 2006 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 2007.

On August 11, 2012, Montenegro won its first ever Olympic medal as an independent country, taking silver in women's handball.

Before the 2012 Olympic Games, several other athletes from the Socialist Republic of Montenegro and Republic of Montenegro have also won Olympic medals in five different sports as part of teams representing Yugoslavia and Serbia and Montenegro at the Olympics, but none as individual competitors.