Obesity-associated morbidity

Peter Muennig, a professor in the Department of Health Policy and Management at Columbia University,[8] has proposed that obesity-associated medical conditions may be caused "not from adiposity alone, but also from the psychological stress induced by the social stigma associated with being obese".

[11] Abdominal obesity is associated with cardiovascular diseases including angina and myocardial infarction.

[13] In 2008, European guidelines concluded that 35% of ischemic heart disease among adults in Europe is due to obesity.

[15][verification needed] More than 85% of those with hypertension have a BMI greater than 25, although diet is probably a more important factor than body weight.

[20][21] Obesity is associated with the incidence of stretch marks, acanthosis nigricans, lymphedema, cellulitis, hirsutism, and intertrigo.

[22][23] The link between obesity and type 2 diabetes is so strong that researchers in the 1970s started calling it "diabesity".

This is primarily due to excess estrogen interfering with normal ovulation in females[15] and altering spermatogenesis in males.

[15][33] A review in 2013 came to the result that obesity increases the risk of oligospermia and azoospermia in males, with an of odds ratio 1.3.

[33] Excess body fat in morbid obesity can, in some cases, completely obscure or "bury" the penis.

[43] The risk of carpal tunnel syndrome is estimated to rise 7.4% for each 1 kg/m2 increase of body mass index.

[45] Idiopathic intracranial hypertension, or unexplained high pressure in the cranium, is a rare condition that can cause visual impairment, frequent severe headache, and tinnitus.

[51] For those undergoing surgery for cancer, obesity is also associated with an increased risk of major postoperative complications compared with those of "normal" weight.

[15] However, it is possible that obesity is caused by depression (due to reduced physical activity or, in some people, increases in appetite).

[53] Similarly, weight loss through bariatric surgery is associated with increased risk of suicide.

[56] People who are obese also experience fewer educational and career opportunities, on average earn a lesser income,[57] and generally receive poorer health care and treatment[5] than individuals of "normal" weight.

[58] It is believed that a systemic pro-inflammatory state induced by some causes of obesity may contribute to airway inflammation, leading to asthma.

[60] Obesity significantly reduces and stiffens the functional lung volume, requiring specific strategies for respiratory management under general anesthesia.

[68] Obese individuals are twice to four times more likely to have lower back pain than their "normal" weight peers.

[75] Obese male individuals can experience erectile dysfunction, and weight loss can improve their sexual functioning.

Death rate from obesity, 2019
Heart attack (myocardial infarction)
Gynecomastia in an obese male
MCA territory infarct (stroke)
Hepatocellular carcinoma 1
Risk of death from suicide decreases with increased body mass index in the United States. [ 53 ]
CPAP machine commonly used in OHS
Gout
Urinary system