Morteau (French pronunciation: [mɔʁto]) is a commune, in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region, eastern France.

At the Battle of Alesia, alongside the Arvernes tribe, there were an equal number of Mandubiens, the people of Doubs.

A half dozen Benedictine monks of the Cluny order arrived at this time to clear the mountains.

Morteau had a feudal castle built on the eastern side of Mondey, it overlooked the ancient Celtic road which linked Besançon to Switzerland.

It is impossible to give a precise origin to the well known montbéliarde breed since all of the livestock in central Europe have similar characteristics and transborder exchanges were always common.

Every August, a two-day celebration takes place into town, in order to determine the "Sausage Gold Award", and it has been ranked among the top three stupidest and most pointless village fete of the country, by a famous weekly French magazine.