The regiment was formed in 1934 by the Royal Italian Army with mountain artillery groups that had served in World War I.

On 24 December 1935 the regiment mobilized the 11th Battery of the Group "Mondovì" for the Second Italo-Ethiopian War.

In June 1940 the regiment participated in the invasion of France and in November of the same year the 4th Alpine Division "Cuneense" was transferred to Albania to shore up the crumbling Italian front during the Greco-Italian War.

In preparation for the deployment to the Soviet Union the Alpine Artillery Group "Val Po", with the 72nd and 73rd batteries, returned to the regiment.

[2][3][8][9][11] On the evening of 17 January 1943, the Alpine Army Corps commander, General Gabriele Nasci, ordered a full retreat.

The 40,000-strong mass of stragglers — Alpini and Italians from other commands, plus German and Hungarians — followed the "Tridentina", which led the way westwards to the Axis lines.

By morning of 28 January the Cuneense had walked 200 km, fought 20 battles, lost 80% of its men and spent 11 nights camped out in the middle of the Russian Steppe.

[3][8][9][11] On 11 February 1943 a count of the survivors showed that of the 3,616 men of the 4th Alpine Artillery Regiment "Cuneense" only 379 had survived Operation Little Saturn.

The regiment was still in the process of being rebuilt, when it was disbanded by invading German forces two days after the announcement of the Armistice of Cassibile on 8 September 1943.

[2][3][8][9] On 1 May 1952 the 1st Mountain Artillery Regiment was reformed in Rivoli and was assigned to the Alpine Brigade "Taurinense".

[2][3][4] During the Cold War the Alpine Brigade "Julia" was tasked with defending the Canal Valley, which was considered to be the most likely invasion route for a Warsaw Pact attack on Italy.

To augment the Alpine Brigade "Julia" the Group "Pinerolo" moved on 1 December 1963 from Susa to Tolmezzo, where it was assigned to 3rd Mountain Artillery Regiment.

Although now stationed in Friuli-Venezia Giulia the group retained its traditional recruiting area in Piedmont.

As replacement the 1st Mountain Artillery Regiment reformed on 1 January 1965 the Group "Mondovì" in Susa as a reserve formation.

On 15 April 1970 the Mountain Artillery Group "Mondovì" became an active unit with the batteries 10th, 11th, and 12th.

On 18 October 1975 the 1st Mountain Artillery Regiment was disbanded and the next day the two groups were assigned to the Alpine Brigade "Taurinense".

In 1987 the group formed a Self-defense Anti-aircraft Battery, which was equipped with Stinger man-portable air-defense systems.