Mužyckaja prauda

Along with his brother Victor, he got himself involved in Polish students' conspiracies and secret cultural societies, headed by Zygmunt Sierakowski and Jarosław Dąbrowski.

June is an assumed date of publication because the Grodno governor, Ivan Haller [ru], wrote on September 17, 1862, to the Russian minister that issue one of this newspaper "... is in circulation among peasants for about two months, and the other for about two weeks".

The Grodno governor informed on August 10, 1862, that the peasants of the village Jasieniówki, Podbórze and Radowieze of the Brest region found four copies of the first issue of the newspaper.

[12][13] Two illegal Polish language were also printed either by Kalinowski or under his approval or patronage, The Flag of Freedom (Chorągiew Swobody) and The Voice of Litva (Głos z Litwy [be]).

[15] According to historian Dorota Michaluk, "The programme of the Reds was formulated in the Chorągiew Swobody newspaper as follows: restoration of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth to its state independence within the borders from 1772, enfranchisement, democratisation of societal principles, the abolition of the tsarist regime by military action, solidarity between all social groups and an alliance with the Russian democrats.

When it was suppressed, Kalinowski was arrested and imprisoned in Vilnius; he wrote there his Letter from Beneath the Gallows (Pismo z-pad szybienicy).

[1] Historian Zita Medišauskienė wrote that Belarusian press of the uprising time contain very few religious motives; its main themes were social injustice and oppression by the Russian Empire.

God will punish those who abandon the true faith, "send them to Hell for eternal suffering, devils will tear the soul into pieces, and tar will boil in your guts.

"[16] In issue six, Kalinowski wrote that the Tsar, "bribing many Popes, told us to enter the schism, he paid money so that we could only convert to Orthodoxy, and like this Antichrist he took our righteous Uniate faith from us and he lost us to God on centuries.

"[17] In an Oxford-published book A History of Modern Political Thought in East Central Europe, authors wrote that Kalinowski's texts "contrasted an idealized image of the ancient self-governing peasant communities to the subsequent periods of feudal oppression, and fused the programs of social and national liberation, deploring the Russian "yoke" but also describing the Polish pan (lord) as the enemy of the common folk.

"[1] Historian Dawid Fajnhauz wrote that "the task of Mużyckaja prauda was ... to strip the peasantry of the illusion of a good tsar and the capture of the village for Polish revolutionary movement".

The following features appear in them: akanne, which is variously realized in stressed syllables preceded by unstressed syllables and stressed syllables followed by unstressed syllables – it appears before the word stress in 94.8% (addaci, Kaściuszku, Maskale, padatki, sakiery and swoju, zlitowania), after hissing consonants and p, dominated by lexemes with preserved e (czeho, piereprosisz), but an a appears sporadically as well (czaławiekowi, zaprahaje); in the last stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable о is preserved (aszukaństwo, Jaśko, widno), but in the 7th issue of the newspaper okanne prevails in 99% (bohatyi, pobor, oddać), with akanne in the remaining 1% of cases (adzin, hramada, polskamu); yakanne, which appears in Mużyckaja Prauda sporadically (dziaciuki mixed with dzieciuki, dziarżem sia) and much more often in letters, where the forms of yakanne in comparison with the forms of yekanne appear in the 2:1 ratio (biaz sudu, ciapier, jana, siabie, wajawaci / jeny, niechaj, pierojdzie); tsekanne and dzekanne (dalacieła, dziwowaci sia); lack of consonant prolonging in the intervocalic position (poustanie, sumlenie); the replacement of the f phoneme with the п, хв phonemes (Prancuz, manichwest); the -ць / -ці infinitive if the stem ends with a vowel (hawaryć, hłumić and pałażyci, rabici), only in the 7th issue of Mużyckaja Prauda there are verb forms in which a labial consonant is followed by a ы > у transition (adbuwali, nie buło); the verb of the I conjugation in the 3rd person singular with the -ць ending, optionally using forms without a -ць (budzić / budzie); personal forms of reflexive verbs with the -сь postfix (dobiliś, kłanialiś).

Interesting results are obtained by comparing the language of Mużyckaja Prauda and Letters Under the Gallow with the dialect of the Mastavlyany village, where K. Kalinoŭski was born.

[22]It was noted that "Kalinowski's language is rich in colloquial Belorussian features, including p, xi, for nonnative f (Prancuz ["French"], manixt'est manifest ["manifesto"]), akane, affrication of *t', d', and north- west dialectalism."

[23] Full text of the newspaper was first published in Soviet Union in 1928, in S. Agurski's Ocherki po istorii revolutsionnogo dvizheniya v Belorussii, 1863-1917.

[25] Another argument, supported by Michas Bic and Fajnhauz,[24] is that the Letter has a National Government stamp, that was unusual for Kalinowski's newspaper.

Another researcher, Henadz Kisialiou, believes that kalinowski was the author; he called the Letter "an example of how difficult it was to Belarusian Idea to carve its way".

There are three unnumbered and signed by "Jasko haspadar s pad Wilni"; the document got the name after a publication by Agaton Giller in 1867 in a book Historja powstania narodu polskiego w 1861—1864 as A letter to Belarusian people.