[10] The region's wealth and prosperity made it a coveted prize for the Mughal Empire, which was expanding its territories under the leadership of Emperor Akbar.

[9][10] However, the Karrani dynasty faced internal strife and political instability, weakening its ability to defend against external threats.

This period of vulnerability provided an opportune moment for the Mughal Empire to launch its military campaigns and bring Bengal under its control.

Using guerrilla tactics and leveraging local knowledge, Isa Khan and his allies maintained significant autonomy, preventing the Mughals from fully consolidating their power over Bengal.

Isa Khan's legacy of defiance remains a significant chapter in Bengal's history, symbolizing the region's resilience and resistance to external domination.

Under the leadership of Subahdar (Governor) Ibrahim Khan Fath-i-Jang, the Mughal forces employed a mix of diplomacy and military strength to bring rebellious local chiefs and zamindars into submission.

[1] Ibrahim Khan led a series of military expeditions to pacify the region, addressing pockets of resistance that persisted despite previous Mughal victories.

One of the key objectives during this phase was to secure the strategic port city of Chittagong, crucial for controlling trade and commerce.

[1] After the death of Isa Khan in 1599, the Baro-Bhuyans, a confederation of twelve independent chiefs and zamindars in Bengal, continued their resistance against the Mughal forces.