Making his debut for the Bangladesh national team in 2015, Mustafizur Rahman showcased his skills in the limited-overs formats.

[7][8] In club career he was acquired by Sunrisers Hyderabad in 2016 with a fee of $208k, where he won his first Indian Premier League (IPL) title.

[11] He has subsequently played in the IPL for Mumbai Indians, Rajasthan Royals, Delhi Capitals and Chennai Super Kings.

[18][15] Mustafizur began his international career in a twenty overs match against Pakistan on 24 April 2015, where he took the wickets of Shahid Afridi and Mohammad Hafeez, two veteran Pakistani batsmen.

[20][21] Bangladesh won the match and Mustafizur became the tenth bowler in the history of ODIs to take five wickets on debut.

[27][28] The following month, Mustafizur took 5 wickets in three ODIs to help Bangladesh win the series against South Africa by 2–1.

[40][41] During the Asia Cup held in the next month, he was again sidelined from the team due to his side strain,[42][43] playing only the first three games.

[54] He played his first Test match since August 2015 against Sri Lanka at Galle in March 2017, taking eight wickets in the series.

[60] Following the World Cup, the International Cricket Council (ICC) named Mustafizur as the rising star of the squad.

[64] Mustafizur's first professional Twenty20 career outside international cricket was the Bangladesh Premier League, where he played for Dhaka Dynamites in its 2015 season.

[66] In October 2018, he was named in the squad for the Rajshahi Kings team, following the draft for the 2018–19 Bangladesh Premier League.

Mustafizur Rahman selected in icon category and  contract for Bangladesh Premier League 2021-22 season.

On 20 January, he became only the 4th bowler to reach 100 BPL wickets, after Shakib Al Hasan, Taskin Ahmed and Rubel Hossain.

[80] In February 2021, he was bought by the Rajasthan Royals from his base price of INR 1.00 crore in the 2021 IPL auction.

In March 2016, English side Sussex announced that they had signed Mustafizur as their second overseas player for the T20 Blast competition.

[22][90] Mustafizur stated on a press conference in June 2015 that he first discovered the technique after his fellow cricketer, Anamul Haque insisted him to bowl a slower delivery.

[14] Mustafizur's interest in cricket rose when he started practicing the game at a location that was 40 kilometres (25 mi)away from home every morning, with his brother Mokhlesur Rahman.

[93] On 15 March 2019, along with several members of the Bangladesh test team, he was moments from entering the Al Noor mosque in Christchurch, New Zealand, when a terrorist attack began.

Mustafizur's brother was hopeful that marriage could help him "overcome the shock" of witnessing the attack in New Zealand.