The term cyber attack covers a wide variety of actions ranging from simple probes, to defacing websites, to denial of service, to espionage and destruction.

[8] The National Protection and Programs Directorate (NPPD) was formed in 2007 as a component of the United States Department of Homeland Security.

[9] NPPD's goal was to advance the Department's national security mission by reducing and eliminating threats to U.S. critical physical and cyber infrastructure.

"[16] In 2020, CISA created a website, titled Rumor Control, to rebut disinformation associated with the 2020 United States presidential election.

[23] Easterly's nomination had been reported favorably out of Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs on June 16, but a floor vote had been reportedly held (delayed) by Senator Rick Scott over broader national security concerns, until the President or Vice President had visited the southern border with Mexico.

[24] Easterly hired new staff to monitor online disinformation to enhance what she called the nation's "cognitive infrastructure" and utilized the existing rumor control website during the 2021 elections.

Already more than 50 nations have officially published some form of strategy document outlining their official stance on cyberspace, cyber crime, and/or cyber security CISA divisions include the:[27] The Continuous Diagnostics and Mitigations program provides cybersecurity tools and services to federal agencies.

[29][30] CISA issues "binding operational directives" that require federal government agencies to take action against specific cybersecurity risks.