Philips Natuurkundig Laboratorium

[citation needed] This managerial philosophy was unique to NatLab, compared to other Philips facilities and laboratories.

Numans designed and built a short wave crystal controlled telephony transmitter for his required period of practical work, with call sign PCJJ.

This transmitter made world headlines on March 11, 1927 when it transmitted practically undistorted music and voice across the entire globe.

[citation needed] In 1946 Holst was succeeded by a triumvirate: physicist Hendrik Casimir (who would later become the primarily responsible of the three and member of the Board of Directors), chemist Evert Verwey and engineer Herre Rinia.

The NatLab became a superuniversity where the "best of the best" could do research in practically perfect circumstances (full academic freedom, no time devoted to teaching classes, nearly unlimited budgets and so on).

In 1973, starting with the oil crisis, the long period of economic growth came to an end and companies could no longer afford expensive research departments.

On top of that, a number of bad decisions by the NatLab management did little to ingratiate the facility to the Philips Board of Directors (such bad decisions including the development of the flopped videodisc, the Video 2000 videocassette recorder, and the initial lack of support for the compact disc).

The compact disc had been initiated and pushed by the audio department,[5] although NatLab researcher Kees Schouhamer Immink played an instrumental role in its design.

For the industry group 'Audio' and the NatLab the development of a small optical audio disc started early in 1974.

In March 1974, during an Audio-VLP meeting Peek and Vries recommended a digital audio registration because an error-correcting code could be included.

The error-correcting coder-decoder was abandoned in 1979 in favor of Sony’s superior CIRC code, which became the adopted CD's standard.

[6] This breakthrough was also appreciated by Sony and they started a cooperation with Philips that resulted in June 1980 in a common CD system standard.

Kees Schouhamer Immink, in a newspaper interview, told that the research management was a chaos which spoiled the atmosphere.

[9] In March 2012 High Tech Campus Eindhoven was sold by Philips to Ramphastos Investments, a private consortium of investors.

The list of appointments and honors [10] compiled by Henk Hagenbeuk, shows the close cooperation between the Dutch universities and Philips Research until the 1990s.

was a Dutch physicist best known for his research on the two-fluid model of superconductors (together with C. J. Gorter[11]) in 1934 and the Casimir effect (together with D. Polder) in 1948.