Neocyema erythrosoma is a species of pelagic fish, a deep-water bobtail snipe eel in the family Cyematidae.

[2][3] At first Neocyema erythrosoma was only known from the southeast Atlantic Ocean near South Africa where, in 1971, the first two specimens were caught at depths of between 2,000 and 2,200 metres (6,600 and 7,200 ft).

In 2006, during a deep water NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service biodiversity survey, a research vessel collected a further specimen near the Bear Seamount off the coast of New England at a depth of about 2,284 metres (7,493 ft).

Two years later a Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans research vessel caught another specimen in the Gully Marine Protected Area east of Nova Scotia, at a depth of about 1,620 metres (5,310 ft).

[2] The locations of these two further finds were the first for the species in the North Atlantic and were both areas in which hundreds of research trawls had been made previously.