[5] Opposing theories In opposition to noneism, allism claims that all of the controversial philosophical entities do exist.
[5] Quinean philosophy says that there is a direct relationship between quantification and existence, which noneism partially rejects.
[7] Also, there are critiques that say noneists focus heavily on the literality of objects rather than what is implied or interpreted, which creates disagreements about an existence theory.
[7] Frederick Kroon, a philosopher at the University of Auckland, mentions that Gandalf, a fictional character from The Lord of the Rings, is honored for his positive character traits, but that noneists would say that these claims of honor are false, because Gandalf is a nonexistent entity.
[citation needed] Sylvan and Priest Noneism started to gain traction when Richard Sylvan's book, Exploring Meinong's Jungle and Beyond: An Investigation of Noneism and the Theory of Items, was published in 1980, and the theory was further added to in Graham Priest's book entitled Towards Non-Being: The Logic and Metaphysics of Intentionality, which was published in 2005 (second revised edition in 2016).
[8] Seventy percent of these ‘nones’ were raised in a religious household, and many continue to practice their spiritual beliefs.