He moved to Kolhapur to complete his graduate studies at the University of Bombay in 1950, staying at his elder sister's house.
[4] In 1961, he moved out of the US to continue his post-doctoral work in the UK at St Mary's Hospital Medical School, London on a Wellcome Trust fellowship.
It was during this period his doctoral adviser, P. S. Sarma, invited him to join the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) as an assistant professor.
At the time of his retirement from official service in 1993, he was holding the positions of the Chairman of the Department of Biochemistry and the Dean of the Science Faculty.
[2] Post retirement, he continued to be associated with IISc as an INSA senior scientist and an honorary professor.
[8][9] Moudgal was pursuing his doctoral studies at Madras University when he married Biligiri Rao née Prapulla in 1957.
[3][note 4] Bonnet macaques raised by him at Primate Research Laboratory[note 5] made it handy for Moudgal in carrying out researches on follicle stimulating hormone in the primates and he discovered that immuno-neutralization of circulating FSH decreases the semen count, leading to oligozoospermia or azoospermia, but did not adversely affect libido.
Still, his studies widened the understanding of conditions such as follicular maturation, atresia, spermatogenesis, primate reproduction and lactational amenorrhea.
[7] He organized an International Symposium on gonadotropins which was attended by some of the major names in the field of reproductive biology including Malur R. Narasimha Prasad, Gursaran Talwar, Sardul Singh Guraya, Fernand Labrie and Om P.
[3] He was a member of the task force of the World Health Organization for research in human reproduction for a number of years,[15] sat in the editorial board of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology and was the founding editor of Journal of Biosciences.
[2] The award orations delivered by him include the 1996 Yellapragada Subbarow Birth Centenary Lecture of the Indian National Science Academy.