United States Office of Research Integrity

ORI carries out its responsibility by: In FY 2004, the PHS provided at least $30 billion for health research and development, primarily in the biomedical and behavioral sciences through its extramural and intramural programs.

(Extramural programs provide funding to research institutions that are not part of the Federal government of the United States - medical schools, universities, colleges, hospitals, research institutes.

Intramural programs provide funding for research conducted within Federal government facilities.)

[1] This also caught the attention of John Dingell, at the time a high-ranking member of the United States House of Representatives; culminating in a "Scientific McCarthyism" against perceived cases of fraud.

[4] Malcolm Gladwell, at the time a reporter for the Washington Post, revisited the news coverage and propriety of the investigations in 2018, via two episodes of Season 3 of the Revisionist History podcast.