The company's original theatre was constructed during the reign of the King of Poland and Duke of Lorraine, Stanislas Leszczyński in 1758.
A new opera house was constructed in its present location on the Place Stanislas by Joseph Hornecker, a member of the School of Nancy.
Hornecker designed the replacement opera house in the classical style combined with characteristics of "art nouveau".
Past music directors of the company have included Noël Lancien (1971–1979), Jérôme Kaltenbach (1979–1998), Sebastian Lang-Lessing (1999–2006), Paolo Olmi (2006–2010), Tito Muñoz (2011–2013), and Rani Calderon (2015–2018).
In October 2020, Marta Gardolińska first guest-conducted with the company, in the French premiere of Der Traumgörge of Alexander von Zemlinsky.