Open data
[4] The philosophy behind open data has been long established (for example in the Mertonian tradition of science), but the term "open data" itself is recent, gaining popularity with the rise of the Internet and World Wide Web and, especially, with the launch of open-data government initiatives Data.gov, Data.gov.uk and Data.gov.in.
Because of this uncertainty it is possible for public or private organizations to aggregate said data, claim that it is protected by copyright, and then resell it.
It was built upon the so-called Bermuda Principles, stipulating that: "All human genomic sequence information … should be freely available and in the public domain in order to encourage research and development and to maximize its benefit to society".
[11] More recent initiatives such as the Structural Genomics Consortium have illustrated that the open data approach can be used productively within the context of industrial R&D.
[23] Drawing from earlier studies on transparency and anticorruption,[24] World Bank political scientist Tiago C. Peixoto extended Yu and Robinson's argument by highlighting a minimal chain of events necessary for open data to lead to accountability: Some make the case that opening up official information can support technological innovation and economic growth by enabling third parties to develop new kinds of digital applications and services.
Italy is the first country to release standard processes and guidelines under a Creative Commons license for spread usage in the Public Administration.
[38] Many non-profit organizations offer open access to their data, as long it does not undermine their users', members' or third party's privacy rights.
[40] DBLP, which is owned by a non-profit organization Dagstuhl, offers its database of scientific publications from computer science as open data.
[42][43][44][45][46] At a small level, a business or research organization's policies and strategies towards open data will vary, sometimes greatly.
[59] Publishers frequently add copyright statements (often forbidding re-use) to scientific data accompanying publications.
While the human abstraction of facts from paper publications is normally accepted as legal there is often an implied restriction on the machine extraction by robots.
[citation needed] Their arguments have been discussed less in public discourse and there are fewer quotes to rely on at this time.
The author argues that open data can be used to identify the needs of different areas of a city, develop algorithms that are fair and equitable, and justify the installation of soft mobility resources.
Formally both the definition of Open Data and commons revolve around the concept of shared resources with a low barrier to access.
[69] Regardless of their origin, principles across types of Open Data hint at the key elements of the definition of commons.
Synthesizing, they revolve around (risks and) benefits associated with (uncontrolled) use of common resources by a large variety of actors.
[69][68] The key elements that outline commons and Open Data peculiarities are the differences (and maybe opposition) to the dominant market logics as shaped by capitalism.
For example, it might use data on population density, traffic congestion, and air quality to determine where soft mobility resources, such as bike racks and charging stations for electric vehicles, are most needed.
For example, it might use data on the demographics of a city to ensure that soft mobility resources are distributed in a way that is accessible to everyone, regardless of age, disability, or gender.
Despite these challenges, the paper argues that open data is a valuable tool for improving the sustainability and equity of soft mobility in cities.
This project aimed at extrapolating and identifying online social relations surrounding “collaboration” in Bologna.
The project itself was offering different types of support to social network platform users to have contents removed.
A good expression of requirements (truncated in places) is given by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR):[71] Other bodies promoting the deposition of data and full text include the Wellcome Trust.
