After Desert Fox, Iraq announced they would no longer recognize the no-fly zones and urged their troops to attack Coalition aircraft.

On 28 December 1998 Iraq fired SA-3 surface to air missiles against coalition aircraft patrolling the northern no-fly zone.

[3] From December 1998 to March 1999, U.S. aircraft over northern Iraq came under almost daily fire from Iraqi surface-to-air missile sites and anti-aircraft guns.

[4][better source needed][5] The first combat use of the AGM-130 was conducted during ONW, when F-15Es deployed a pair to destroy two Iraqi SAM sites.

[4][better source needed] Low level conflict continued up until the invasion of Iraq in 2003, although the number of response incidents declined dramatically after 1999.