Located in the southeastern part of the county, it borders the following townships: The village of East Canton is located in northwestern Osnaburg Township.

The township's name reminds of the German city Osnabrück - the German part -brück ("bridge") was changed to -burg ("castle"), to avoid the letter "ü"[citation needed].

[4] In 1833, Osnaburg Township contained one gristmill, seven saw mills, two tanneries, four stores, and one German and English book office.

[5] The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1.

There is also an elected township fiscal officer,[7] who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election.