[7] The osus, seen as unclean, are barred from breaking kolanut or offering prayers on behalf of individuals outside their caste due to the belief that they may bring calamity upon the society.
[9] Since the advent of modernization in Igbo land, the osu caste system has faced criticism from those who view it as contrary to human rights principles and freedom from discrimination.
[10] Human rights groups advocating for its abolition highlight the punishments suffered by the osu individuals in Igboland, including parental poisoning of their children, disinheritance, ostracism, exclusion from social clubs, disruption of marriage ceremonies, denial of chieftaincy titles, property deprivation, and expulsion of spouses.
[12] The Osu Caste System was officially abolished on 28 December 2018 during a ceremony held in Nri, the acclaimed ancestral home of the Igbo nation, in Anaocha local government area of Anambra State.
Various opinions and viewpoints have arisen on this contentious topic, making it challenging to ascertain the precise evolution of the Osu Caste System in Igbo land.