Oswaldo Euclides de Souza Aranha[1] (Portuguese pronunciation: [ozˈvawdu aˈɾɐ̃ɲɐ], 15 February 1894 – 27 January 1960) was a Brazilian politician, diplomat and statesman, who came to national prominence in 1930 under Getúlio Vargas.

Aranha fought the insurrection of 1923, deflagrated by sectors that opposed the fifth consecutive re-election of Borges de Medeiros as governor of Rio Grande do Sul.

By personally commanding an irregular armed force consisting of civilians, Aranha fought new uprisings promoted by the opposition in the years that led to the Revolution of 1930.

[9] A book by the historian Maria Luiza Tucci Carneiro argues that Aranha was aware of secret circulars asking that Jews be denied entry visas to Brazil and did little to change that.

[11][page needed] The circular asking for the denial of visas to Jews, however, was not written by Oswaldo Aranha, and it was not made during his term as Minister of Foreign Affairs for Brazil.

[13] Considered a moderate by many in and outside of Brazil, he argued that communism was the result of "the Judaism which created and maintains this ambience, capable of sending this civilization into an abyss".

[14][page needed] Albert Einstein asked Oswaldo Aranha for help in obtaining a visa for his friend who was a German Jew, Helene Fabian-Katz.